Life Support

The article â€Å"Do the Poor Deserve Life Support? † by Steven E. Landsbury raises the issue of whether we should keep individuals in a coma when they can't bear the cost of it. In spite of the fact that it is a shocking circumstance I feel that Baylor Regional Medical Center did the right thing by expelling Tirhas Habtegiris from her ventilator. On the off chance that clinics furnished her and others with this administration with the expectation of complimentary it would mean spending cuts. These cuts would influence the consideration which is accommodated the remainder of the overall population. Additionally, it would imply that another person's protection or duties would need to take care of the expense of keeping her alive. I did some examination and saw that to keep somebody alive on a ventilator would cost between 2000-3000 every day. Monetarily, it would be an ill-conceived notion to attempt to spare everyone, rich or poor. Seeing as how the poor clearly can't pay for themselves, it would make a strain on society pay and utilize their own cash that they would require themselves for antibodies, medical procedure, medication ect. The overall population would endure in light of the fact that they wouldn't get the quality assistance which they have been paying for. Financially, no â€Å"free† life backing ought to be given to anybody that can't contribute back to the business that is paying for the method. Taking into account that the existence bolster we are managing here is for the most part ones that will draw out the demise of a person, there is next to zero advantage to keeping an individual alive. In such manner, they ought to be denied their life bolster solicitation and left beyond words their condition. Basic law of financial aspects. In the event that the expense is more prominent than the advantage, don't do it. Simultaneously it is perfect to furnish everybody with life support. This shows as I would see it that our Medicare framework needs to change. How we will go about it I don't have the foggiest idea. The finish of Ms. Habtegiris' life was terrible. The vast majority of us won't need to settle on such a decision as whether to reassess or not, that is the uplifting news. It wasn't right for Baylor to reassess yet unmistakably regarding genuine constrained clinical assets that medical clinics will settle on comparative choices later on. Life Support The article â€Å"Do the Poor Deserve Life Support? † by Steven E. Landsbury raises the issue of whether we should keep individuals in a coma when they can't bear the cost of it. Despite the fact that it is an awful circumstance I feel that Baylor Regional Medical Center did the right thing by expelling Tirhas Habtegiris from her ventilator. In the event that emergency clinics gave her and others this administration with the expectation of complimentary it would mean spending cuts. These cuts would influence the consideration which is accommodated the remainder of the overall population. Likewise, it would imply that another person's protection or assessments would need to take care of the expense of keeping her alive. I did some examination and saw that to keep somebody alive on a ventilator would cost between 2000-3000 every day. Monetarily, it would be an impractical notion to attempt to spare everyone, rich or poor. Seeing as how the poor clearly can't pay for themselves, it would make a strain on society pay and utilize their own cash that they would require themselves for immunizations, medical procedure, medication ect. The overall population would endure in light of the fact that they wouldn't get the quality help which they have been paying for. Financially, no â€Å"free† life backing ought to be given to anybody that can't contribute back to the business that is paying for the methodology. Taking into account that the existence bolster we are managing here is generally ones that will draw out the passing of a person, there is practically zero advantage to keeping an individual alive. In such manner, they ought to be denied their life bolster solicitation and left beyond words their condition. Straightforward law of financial aspects. On the off chance that the expense is more prominent than the advantage, don't do it. Simultaneously it is perfect to furnish everybody with life support. This shows as I would like to think that our Medicare framework needs to change. How we will go about it I don't have the foggiest idea. The finish of Ms. Habtegiris' life was terrible. The greater part of us won't need to settle on such a decision as whether to reassess or not, that is the uplifting news. It wasn't right for Baylor to reassess yet obviously regarding genuine constrained clinical assets that medical clinics will settle on comparable choices later on.

Leadership Communication Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Administration Communication Presentation - Essay Example To counter this contention, another chief may state, â€Å"Removing all our incidental advantages would bring about low confidence for the employees.† Obviously, the subsequent administrator was utilizing the misrepresentation error by rehashing what the other director stated, and saying â€Å"removing all our periphery benefits† when the main supervisor really said a decrease in the incidental advantages. These discussions are run of the mill in associations particularly when gatherings are held to discover answers for issues that go up against the organization. There are a few different ways to survive or forestall a misrepresentation error in an association. To begin with, in settling on indispensable choices for the organization, it is smarter to place the contentions for each position or option recorded as a hard copy; as opposed to having an eye to eye banter with the advocates of various sides. Along these lines, the chance of distortion and deception is dispensed with. Another approach to forestall a misrepresentation paradox is to show confirmations, information or measurements in introducing elective answers for hierarchical issues. On the off chance that these data are introduced, it is difficult to discredit by only a misrepresentation error. Finally, it is proposed that to beat a misrepresentation false notion, those engaged with settling on significant choices for the firm ought to be very much educated. As indicated by Talisse and Aikin, the accomplishment of the misrepresentation paradox relies upon the obliviousness of the cr owd; in this manner, if the individuals answerable for dynamic are very much educated regarding the different positions, at that point they can have a smart and contemplated talk without being influenced by deceptions

The Wireless Telecommunications Industry

The remote Telecommunications Industry Wireless correspondence is one segment of business that has experienced wonderful development in the course of recent years. The quantity of people utilizing cell phones like mobile phones, I telephones, PC and palm to PCs has definitely expanded even in the creating and underdeveloped nations. This development in showcase has pulled in a great deal of consideration in this part drawing in new contestants to contend with the conventional correspondence giants.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on The Wireless Telecommunications Industry explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Monopolies are portrayed in financial matters as the presence of a firm or company that has such a great amount of power over the market that they affect whether another participant in the market will succeed or not and on the off chance that they do enter, on what footing (Heywood and Guangliang, 2009). Syndications are commonly debilit ated in many economies with laws set up to direct it. Certain monopolistic conduct can once in a while play to the detriment of the littler new contestants in this way the need of guideline to stay away from uncalled for rivalry. Oligopolies then again are markets whereby there are only a couple of item or specialist co-ops. This is typically described by firm rivalry and advertising systems that consistently have the competitor’s response as a primary concern. Oligopolies have at times been seen better than syndications in light of the fact that the end buyer at that point has a feeling of decision and the expense of items and administrations are self directed (Heywood and Guangliang, 2009). The remote correspondence industry is likely probably the best case of oligopolistic markets. For a long time there have been recently yet a bunch of remote correspondence firms commanding the market. The fundamental players have been Nokia, Samsung, Sony Ericsson and LG; yet with develo ping markets, new contestants have been pulled in into the market. The I telephone by apple is presumably the best case of another contestant. Apple focussed on extraordinary advancement to take versatile correspondence to an unheard of level. They concocted the I telephone that permits the clients to get their messages straightforwardly on their telephone simply like instant messages while supporting the various traditional telephone highlights. China has likewise come into the market with telephones like the ones made by the first players. All these joined have squeezed the customary top players both as far as evaluating and advancement. The china telephones are significantly less expensive however play out all the capacities as the first telephones in addition to additional items like TV gathering. I don't anyway feel that the opposition can push out certain players in light of the fact that in spite of the modest costs, the modest telephones have a few drawbacks like shorter liv es and poor batteries. The conventional pioneers are hence nearly ensured to keep the privileged markets.Advertising Looking for research paper on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The stock costs of the enormous firms are not liable to be influenced in such a case that the organizations keep up top quality items then their notorieties will stay ensured. Affiliate telephones now accessible in the market are probably going to neutralize the less expensive Chinese telephones as opposed to the huge firms on account of the costs. The enormous firms in the market are just prone to change their procedures in isolating their business sectors. This they can undoubtedly accomplish by committing an office inside their firm to cook for the lower end showcase by giving great quality telephones yet at reasonable costs. This would deal with the opposition from china. They would likewise need to put resources int o advancement to counter rivalry from the regularly rising new advances. They would likewise need to broaden their items to incorporate different administrations. The diagram beneath shows how these administrations were disseminated in Japan (home of the mammoths in broadcast communications industry) for the year 2009. Items Services Figure 1. IBISWorld (2009) After everything is said and done, it is the end buyer that will undoubtedly profit by this opposition and creativity since they will get quality items at moderate costs. References Heywood, J., Ye, G. (2009). Designation in a blended oligopoly: the instance of various private firms. Administrative and Decision Economics, 30(2),â 71-82.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on The Wireless Telecommunications Industry explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More IBISWorld .(2009). Items and services[pie chart]. Recovered from IBISWorld, Wireless Telecommunications Carriers https://www.ibisworld.com/ industry-patterns/statistical surveying reports/data/broadcasting-media communications/remote media communications carriers.html This research project on The Wireless Telecommunications Industry was composed and put together by client Braelynn Mccarthy to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Hult joins Financial Times rankings as highest new entrant

Hult’s Masters in International Business is the highest new entrant in the 2018 Financial Times Global Masters in Management ranking.  Hult came Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021 Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021"> During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . Happy New Year, Hultians! . Happy New Year, Hultians! .

Explore the Relationship Between Amir and Baba. - 665 Words

Explore the relationship between Amir and Baba. Throughout the novel The Kite Runner, the relationship between Amir and Baba has many ups and downs, the reader sees it broaden as Amir grows older and it is clear that deep down their relationship is strong. Amir tells the reader during his dream that he ‘can never tell Baba from the bear.’ This gives the impression that Baba is strong and rugged in appearance. It is important that the reader knows that Baba is the narrator’s father; due to the unconditional love we expect between father and son, Amir’s opinion may well be biased. Indirectly, the reader can make an opinion on Baba, and his relationship with Amir, through his speech and actions as described by Amir. The reader is told†¦show more content†¦The reader can see however, that deep down love overrides the other themes as shown by Amir’s severe and consequentialShow MoreRelated The Relationship between a Parent and Their Child in Khaled Hosseini ´s The Kite Runner1094 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough their words and actions. Being the main character, Amir is faced with the challenge of gaining his father’s affection/approval because he is Baba’s son. However, how Amir obt ains his father’s affection/approval was through immoral ways. Baba on the other hand, had trouble showing his fatherly affection to Amir which causes bitterness within their father/son relationship. In this novel, we will explore how the relationship between a parent and a child is shown through their yearning of affectionRead MoreBelonging Romulus, My Father and the Kite Runner Essay1189 Words   |  5 Pagesnovel The Kite Runner. Throughout these texts, the themes of personal relationships, migrant experience and morals and values arise from the concept of belonging and are explored through the use of language devices. In Romulus, My Father, Raimond Gaita explores his need to connect with and understand his father’s world in relation to personal relationships and appreciation of the land. When explaining the differences between him and Romulus, Raimond states that â€Å"childhood as we now know it, a spaceRead MorePsychological Theory In Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner874 Words   |  4 Pagesadding to the complexity of individual characters and their relationships. The psychological theory catalyzes a more intuitive way to find motivations for characters’ actions. In his novel, The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini makes his protagonist, Amir, seem relatable by offering an inside look at the internal struggles Amir faces as he matures amidst the all too real tragedies occurring in Afghanistan after the coup of the monarchy. Amir battles with feelings of inadequacy due to his father’s lowRead MoreKite Runner Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesRunner by Khaled Hosseini describes kite fights between local Afghani kids, regardless of their social status. The main characters in this story that come from a higher socioeconomic level are Baba, a lawyer from the Pashtun tribe, and his son Amir. The main characters in this story that come from the lower socioeconomic level are Ali, a servant from the Hazara tribe, and his son Hassan who are servants to Baba and his family. The Kite Runner explores how different classes of people worked togetherRead MoreGuilt And Redemption In Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner1585 Words   |  7 PagesKite Runner explores the subject of guilt and redemption through the character Amir. When faced with the choice between helping a friend and running away, Amir chooses the latter. This decision plagues Amir throughout his entire life as he seeks redemption to ease his regret. In The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, the author uses the journey of Amir to express that in order to be at ease for past guilt one must go at lengths to redeem the mselves. Despite their lifelong friendship, Amir is jealousRead MorePersonal Identity In The Kite Runner And Mister Pip1434 Words   |  6 PagesMister Pip it can be proven that relationships, ethnicity, and important life events create a personal identity. The meaningful relationships that Amir has with others are significant to the development of his identity. Although there are several important people in Amir’s life, the two most important are his father Baba, and his friend Rahim Khan. Amir’s relationships with Baba is probably the most significant one throughout the entire novel. Amir looks up to Baba because of Baba’s many acts of braveryRead MoreThe Kite Runner And A Death Of A Salesman Essay1821 Words   |  8 Pages‘’Compare and contrast the ways in which Hosseini and Miller explore the presentation and treatment of father and son relationships in The Kite Runner and A Death of a Salesman.’’ Relationships between families may not perpetually consist of happiness and fulfilment but always have an undeniable bond of unconditional and everlasting love. The concept of relationships particularly that of a father and son is a resonant theme in both the novel ‘’The Kite Runner’’ written by Khaled Hosseini and in theRead MoreBelonging - the Kite Runner Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s play, As You Like It and Khaled Hosseini’s novel, The Kite Runner. Barriers to belonging are evident in the play in ‘As you like it’ and are explored through gender paradigms, and social structures. Particularly through the relationship between Rosalind and Duke Frederick. Due to the usurpation of her father by the disloyal Duke Frederick, Rosalind is unfairly subjected to the harsh treatment by her Uncle. He creates suspicion and isolates Rosalind through his diction in, â€Å"MistressRead More Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pages In the Kite Runner, the author explores the ties that bind sons to fathers and childhood friends to one another and of the forces that tear them apart. Throughout the novel, Khaled Hosseini uses many literary devices such as parallelisms, and characterization, and symbolism. The main message is â€Å"there is a way to be good again.† Amir is continuously changing throughout the story as he narrates it which is evident through the characterizationRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini2486 Words   |  10 PagesThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini is a brilliantly crafted story about the friendship between the son of a wealthy man and the son of his father’s servant. The main character Amir, flashbacks to 26 years ago, when him and his friend Hassan, the servant’s son, were the tightest of friends, playing together even though they belong to different castes. These bullies come up and fight against Hassan, as he belongs to the Hazara sect. Life moves along and the two friends are in a kite flying competition

My Relationship With My Current Roommate - 2100 Words

For the application project, I decided that I would like to discuss my relationship with my current roommate. This relationship is very important to me because we are living together for the rest of the remaining academic year. Initally, I was supposed to live with one of my very close friends, but she got a last minute overseas study abroad scholarship. For this reason, I had to find a last minute roommate. All my friends had already made living arrangements, which forced me to find a random roommate through the University of Cincinnati housing system. Since she was a random roommate, I knew it was going to be difficult for me as I knew nothing about her. Upon living with her, we had numerous issues with how we lived together but were never spoken about. I then spent the first 2 months trying to get to know her better to avoid any future issues that we were having since we started to live together. Ever since we started living together we have been having a lot of problems. Our biggest issue is the fact that we do not communicate. From day one, whenever we have a problem with something one another did, we did not tell each other. Instead, we kept it to ourselves or went to our friends to complain. Then, we would be passive aggressive towards each other which would only make the problem worse. I believe that the biggest change needed in our relationship was better communication. If we figured out a way to communicate to each other as well as enhance our understandingShow MoreRelatedJapanese, Caucasian, And African American912 Words   |  4 Pagesreported that he and one of his roommates, whom he had an intimate relationship, are having a problem, resulting in her to move out of the apartment they share. He reported that he â€Å"hates† conflict that he is usually able to talk through an issue with other people. However, with this roommate, it has been difficult to resol ve their issues. He reported that the roommate called his former fiancà ©e, who lives in Hawaii and told the former fiancà ©e about their relationship. According to him, the roommate’sRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1129 Words   |  5 Pages In the previous sessions with my client, she expressed feeling conflict with her roommates. Through the Adlerian therapy techniques, my client spoke of insecurity in many of her personal relationships. She revealed that her greatest anxiety concerning relationships stemmed from two of her roommates. She expressed feeling that they were passive aggressive and generally judgmental. Through the work done through these sessions, my client states that the issues have been resolved and are no longer aRead MoreAdvantages of Living with Parents While Attending College1730 Words   |  7 Pagesapartment.(kark4) There are many benefits toward living with family. The disadvantages of living in a dorm or an apartment are their finance problems, the influence of parties, having privacy and roommate problems, being lazy, not setting boundaries and goals, challenges of social life, being in relationships, not making the best choices, challenges of landlords, and the need for a job. Although, some young adults like to feel responsible, and feel like they are an adult. Usually the financing forRead MoreHow I Changed My Life757 Words   |  4 Pagesuniversity. My classes shifted from pre-requisites to classes pertaining to my major. I have also escaped the dorm life and moved into an apartment. All this change has come with bountiful knowledge. I have had many learning experiences, both social and academic. This year has been a growing experience. I have worked on developing as a student and broadening my relationships. My semester starting off by moving into The Connections apartment complex. I moved in with one of my friends fromRead MoreEssay751 Words   |  4 Pageslandlord-tenant relationships within Portland, but many questions remain. At BK Legal Consulting, we provide comprehensive guidance to our clients on how to navigate this new legislation. How do I know if I am eligible for compensation? The Portland Tenant Relocation Ordinance requires landlords to provide financial assistance for relocation costs to tenants, in certain circumstances. If you are a tenant who has suffered from a no-cause eviction or has been priced out of your current unit by a 10%Read MoreThe Strategies Of Reward And Coordination1338 Words   |  6 Pagesasymmetrical utilities† (Lebow 62). To start with the latter, if both parities’ interests are intertwined, the actors will share information and coordinate. Existence of a mutual satisfactory solution causes parties to coordinate. For instance, my roommate and I were negotiating about cleaning the kitchen and the living room area. The solution for our problem (uncleanness of the apartment) was cleanness and we both wanted that. So, we have to negotiate who will do the cleaning twice a week. I offeredRead MoreA Life Journey About Me988 Words   |  4 Pagesdifficulties that other children from normal family that couldn’t underst and. Since my parents divorced when I was three years old. My mother sent me to my grandparents place and let them took care of me at my early-age. It might be weird to say that the possibilities for me to see my own mother was pretty low, but that was the situation I had during my childhood. I needed to face the challenge when my classmates asked where were my parents and why they never showed up in the parents’ meeting. There was alwaysRead MoreInterview Questions On The Staff Meeting921 Words   |  4 PagesFor the purpose of this assignment, each person in my group was advised to come up with interview questions to address the staff after the board meeting that took place on September 28, 2015. After observing and participating in the staff meeting, we requested to see Ms. James, the Director at the Office of International Services, to answer our individual questions. For this portion of the paper, I am addressing a couple of questions that my group members and I asked Ms. James, along with responsesRead MorePersonal Experience: College Life724 Words   |  3 Pageschallenging experiences in my life, and yet one of the best experiences I have ever had. During my undergraduate years, I met new people, took exciting courses, and learned to live without the daily guidance of my parents. And most of all, I was able to learn more about myself. 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International Marketing Business Environment

Question: Discuss about the International Marketingfor Business Environment. Answer: Introduction The following assignment focuses on the development of a marketing plan. The marketing plan has to be based on the growing giants in the field of footwear and accessories, Charles and Keith. The aim of this assignment is to provide a marketing plan on how to increase the business of the company across the continent of Asia. The marketing plan has to be a compact one so that the sales level of the company spreads to a new level and the mass following reaches a pinnacle. The marketing plan needs to be done by using various procedures. Relevant Background Information The journey of the company Charles and Keith began in the year 1996 when the brothers Charles Wong and Keith Wong founded the company. They provided various types of fashionable footwear to mostly women. The brand image started to improve. The lifestyle brand of Charles and Keith provided the customers with all the latest trends accessible within their product varieties. Business Environment of the Company In order to make a proper marketing plan and marketing strategies, there is a strong need to know the business environments they provide to the industry and to their customers as well (Wetherly Otter, 2014). It has been discussed before that they provide their products to the customers both online and offline at their different outlets. So this section has to be studied well by using different procedures. PESTEL Analysis Pestel analysis is a very important tool to make a proper marketing strategy for the organizations (Yksel, 2012). A company like Charles and Keith must take care of the political stability and instabilities, government policies and labor laws that are major deciding factors. The economical aspect in the macro-environment should be taken care. These factors include the economic growth, exchange rates, and interest rates in the target markets. Another important aspect is the social factors of population growth, career aspirations of the customers and their tastes according to age. The technological aspects of marketing involve inventing the new mediums of inventing technologies to communicate with the target markets, production and distribution of goods through technology. The environmental issues are getting importance in the marketing area as the lack of raw materials, pollution issues are increasing gradually. The legal issues should be maintained by protecting the equality rights, consumer laws, product safety and others (Newton, 2014). SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis one of the most important aspects of marketing where the analysis is done on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization (Hollensen, 2015). The strong points this organization has its strong brand image which, the customers add value to and another important strength of the company is its low cost products to catch the large number of people. A strong management can help the organization to gain a stronger position in the market. No other company can provide them with those products. Customer loyalty is also a strong point. The weaknesses of this organization include the long queue that the customers have to experience while entering their showrooms. The shortage of new designs lately also stresses of negative impact on the organization. A lack of scale i.e. cost of per unit output is very high so these things are considered as the weaknesses of the organization. The opportunities for the organization are immense because their online marketing decision has opened new horizons for more profit in the industry by reaching a larger number of customers. New range of products and innovation of new designs in their products can expand their business on a larger basis. They have to expand their markets internationally. Hence, there are various threats posed to the rise of the organization. These threats include the immense competition in both local and overseas markets, changing in taste of customers and the fact that substitute products are available very easily in the international markets. Marketing Strategy Since a marketing strategy is the foundation of a marketing plan, it should be developed after a thorough research on the market (Westwood, 2016). Objectives The objectives of Charles and Keith should be to improve its brand image. The development of brand image is very important as it has very deep implications with the profit and sales of the organization. The organization deals with mainly the women products so they should eye to work together with social organizations like Health Promotion Board and most importantly Breast Cancer Foundation to make women aware of the evils of breast cancer. They should target to increase markets in Korea as there are opportunities of grand business opening in the country. Target Markets It is very important for the companies to make a target segmentation of markets so that it can focus a single stratum of the society (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). Charles and Keith also should target one particular segment instead of trying its hands on all the people. . Their main products focus on womens footwear and accessories. They should target the working class women of Korea with various new commodities. They have three outlets at Seoul presently and they should focus on increase in the sales of their products. Market Positioning The marketing positioning of Charles and Keith is quite impressive. They provide employment to many women as well as inventing exclusive products for women of different ages. They have been winning awards constantly in their field and they have a shareholder of 20% by Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy (Gupta, 2014). They have a very good media front. Their suppliers include over 30 factories from China and Malaysia. Marketing Mix Korea is a country where the men and women are very much fashion conscious. The Korean men use cosmetic products. So, the marketing mix of Charles and Keith has to be a proper one to attract more women customers under their belt. The 4 Ps of marketing have to be followed with the Price, Product, Promotion and Place (Gordon, 2012). The company should provide more unique products in an affordable price. The promotion should be done across the cities in creative way using attractive catchphrases. The marketers should choose appropriate places in Korea for the branding of their products in Seoul and other Korean countries as the Korean women maintain a style statement. Implementation and Control The proposals described in the marketing strategies should be properly implemented so that the proper outcome can be achieved and the marketing of Charles and Keith can be spread in Korea. The market of fashion aware country like Korea can be captured if they apply these marketing strategies with proper leadership, human and leadership management and motivation by the organization leaders (Biggemann et al., 2013). The marketing strategies should be controlled properly by using the sales volume, share markets and stockholders. Planned values and actual values should be compared properly. Deviations should be detected and eliminated after measuring the value of the indicators. Conclusion After going through the entire market plan, it can be concluded that a reputed company like Charles and Keith should execute some proper strategies if they want to attain a global market. The marketers need to analyze the needs of the customers by researching on the consumer behavior of the different areas. Different countries have different social backgrounds and the marketing strategies should be developed according to that. A country like Korea where men use skincare products needs unique products definitely for their women. The marketing plan, marketing mix, target segmentation should be analyzed properly to have a fruitful result of marketing products in Korea highlighting on its strengths, weaknesses and limitations. The strategies have to be implemented and proper control over the market should be held. References Baker, M. J. (2014).Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Biggemann, S., Kowalkowski, C., Maley, J., Brege, S. (2013). Development and implementation of customer solutions: A study of process dynamics and market shaping.Industrial Marketing Management,42(7), 1083-1092. Gordon, R. (2012). Re-thinking and re-tooling the social marketing mix.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),20(2), 122-126. Gupta, S. (2014). Louis Vuitton Mot Hennessy (LVMH): Strategic Approach of Fashion Retail Brand in Overcoming the Impact of Recession.BS Publications, 279. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Newton, P. (2014). What is the PESTLE Analysis?. Wedel, M., Kamakura, W. A. (2012).Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations(Vol. 8). Springer Science Business Media. Westwood, J. (2016).How to write a marketing plan. Kogan Page Publishers. Wetherly, P., Otter, D. (2014).The business environment: themes and issues in a globalizing world. Oxford University Press. Yksel, I. (2012). Developing a multi-criteria decision making model for PESTEL analysis.International Journal of Business and Management,7(24), 52-66.

Martin Luther King Essays (476 words) - Anglican Saints,

Martin Luther King Brainard 1Craig BrainardMrs. RobinsonJunior Honors English8 January 1998Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King Junior stepped up to the podium in Washington D. C. to deliver one of the most famous and influential speeches of our time. The crowd of over 200,000 listened to his I Have a Dream speech, in which King attempted to convince people to live together in peace and understanding of one another. This was one of his many successful non-violent demonstrations. Born in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 15, 1929, Martin Luther King Junior had always been close to discrimination. At an early age, he, like many other black children, was told to no longer play with his white friends. He was called a nigger on numerous occasions. Despite these racial handicaps, King was admitted to Morehouse College at age fifteen, without completing high school. He graduated from Morehouse in 1948 and, in 1955, received a Ph.D. in theology from Boston University. As a preacher, he tried to convey the message of peaceful resistance to social injustices. While working toward his Ph.D. in Boston, he met his future wife, Coretta Scott. They had four children; two sons and two daughters. Martin Luther III, Dexter Scott, Yolanda Denise, and Bernice Albertine were the fruits of their passion. King's dream was of a desegregated south. He studied the ways of his Indian counterpart, Gandhi, who also fought social injustices without throwing a punch or firing a shot. King was jailed several times, as was Gandhi, in his search for social equality. After a brief stint in prison, King became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He also lead a march on Washington D. C. where he delivered his most famous speech, I Have a Dream. Some of the words of this speech follow.When we allow freedom's ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day, when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands, and sing in the words of the old Negro Spiritual: Free at last, free at last. Thank God almighty, we are free at last! Early in 1968, King traveled to Memphis, Tennessee to support a strike by poorly paid sanitation workers. There, on April fourth, he was assassinated by James Earl Ray. Ironically, his death prompted many violent riots from blacks in many southern cities. He was buried in his hometown of Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Luther King's message was a simple one: Problems can be solved without the use of violence. His message should not be forgotten, nor should it be shunned. This January fifteenth, do something positive for yourself or your community. English Essays

To be free or not to be

To be free or not to be; is that a question? Imagine your loved one who was once full of life and spirit and now due to an horrific accident or a terrible disease can now only move thanks to a wheelchair or breathe thanks to an oxygen tank. Imagine someone you love in pain and imagine them knowing that as well. In todays society we are faced with many everyday decisions. One of the last decisions that we would want to make is whether to live or to die. Making it a law that people dont have the right to choose takes away their ultimate rights. Euthanasia is the idea of voluntary suicide for a person or persons. By taking away the right whether to die this way or not, is just the same as taking away the right of freedom or the right to choose ones religion. What is the difference between euthanasia and when a doctor kills a baby in the fetus due to deformities? When discussing euthanasia there are many things to keep in mind. There is the emotions of the family, the money it is costing to keep this ill patient alive, and the patients feelings. A bog thing today is money. On average a family or families will spend eight to twelve thousand dollars a year on medicine for someone with euthanasia (nrlc dept. of med ethics). Is this any type of money to be paying for someone who isnt going to survive no matter what? I t could go towards food or shelter or even a car. With that said, imagine what kind of emotions would fly around in the family of the patient. I mean at first I am sure they wouldnt understand it, then would go on to blame them selves for what is happening top there loved one. If they have a kid how do they explain to them that their mother or father is dying? This could lead to depression, which causes more money to be spent on doctors. This could also leave to a break. Which then leads to the person leaving work and having no money. The emotion will take a big part of the life of the fami...

FIIN 501 MoD 1 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FIIN 501 MoD 1 SLP - Essay Example Its future performance will depend upon the possibility of oil discovery and potential reserves in the proven oil fields. Some of the important financials of the company are tabulated as per the following. Annual year ended data all numbers in thousands Financials Dec 31, 2012 Dec 31, 2011 Dec 31, 2010 Sales/Revenue Nil Nil Nil Net Income (282,999) (133,637) (136,476) Total Assets 4,011,459 2,527,944 1,746,443 Total Liabilities 1,322,241 449,030 27,409 Owner’s equity 2,689,218 2,078,914 1,719,034 Change in Cash 1,133,269 (10,174) (790,380) Source: http://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=CIE+Income+Statement&annual http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bs?s=CIE+Balance+Sheet&annual The reason for choosing the company is to show that the company's shares can trade in the stock market even when the company has neither made any sales nor any profit so far. The company continues to make operating expenses necessary for oil exploration activiities for last several years. This also shows that investors continue to demand shares of Cobalt because they are quite optimistic on its oil finds and once, the company is successful in oil discovery; its stock price may flare up exponentially. Initial Public Offering Going public is a significant decision for any company. The advantage is that it opens up a new avenue for the company to garner funds for its expansion requirements. The process is certainly time-consuming and the company needs to be cautious in meeting several statutory requirements. While going ahead for a public issue, the important thing is to be noted that as per the US securities laws, it is incumbent upon issuer to disclose all material information accurately and completely so that investor can make an appropriate decision. Misstatement or any omission of a fact can lead to a huge liability to the issuer, underwriters, board of directors and controlling persons. IPO in the US market necessitates that the company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer has taken due care in establishing the effective internal control over financing reporting to the general public. The company who is planning to go public needs to take a series of steps that can be described as per the following (Going Public in the US, 2008). The Company Board Resolution First of all, Cobalt's board needs to pass a resolution giving their consent to make an Initial Public offering by the company (A Guide to going public, 2013). Independent Auditors The company needs to appoint independent auditors as approved by the SEC. The company and its auditors need to prepare all financial statements as per the US GAAP or IFRS (A Guide to going public, 2013). SEC Registration The company needs to complete registration with the SEC and take approval for an IPO by submitting all relevant information in the prescribed format (A Guide to going public, 2013). Appointment of Counselor This is required so that counselor begins preparing prospectus related to the IPO offering. Subseque ntly, the company needs to prepare presentation material for the "Road Show" for institutional investors (A Guide to going public, 2013). Appointment of Underwriters In order to take the company public, Cobalt needs to appoint underwriters or the investment banks as they will

Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Family - Essay Example ther hand, says the definition of what a family is depends on who is going to provide the definition, a social scientist, the State, a conservative society, or a libertarian society. Anthropologists define family by a cultures biological and marital kinship rules and patterns of reciprocal obligations. Different cultures have different definitions of biological and marital kin, and the obligations kin have to one another. Some cultures use the father’s biological line, or the mother’s or both. Kinship obligations, too, end at different levels for different cultures. As examples, Diem says that brothers, sisters and cousins are distinct in the American culture but not so in African societies. From the point of view of structure-functionalists, families are defined by the needs of the greater society. The definition of family changes when society’s needs change. Examples include those when greater society needs rapid population growth such as after a time of war when procreation is emphasized, as against a period of over population when childless couples are supported. For institutionalists, a family is the "traditional," biological, procreati ve and child-rearing structure. For interactionists, the definition is based on the assumption of family-related role behaviours. For economists, the family is a production and consumption unit, thus defining a household slave in an African or Arabian household or the indentured servant in an early-American household as part of the family. Further, according to Diem, the State’s definition of family follows the structure-functionalist approach, where the State’s needs dictate how the authoritative and legal definition of family shall be formulated. In a Conservative Free Society, as envisioned by Nisbet (1953), where the role of social institutions such as church, economy and educational system, are enhanced and those of the State reduced, the social institutions define family. Church may not recognise an unmarried

A Doll’s House Essay Example for Free

A Doll’s House Essay The play, A Doll’s House, by Henrik Ibsen, showcases a traditional marriage of a middle class couple in the Victorian Era. The marriages in the late nineteenth century were severely confining; the woman’s role was to be nurturing and submissive, while the man’s was to be powerful in both his work and domestic life. Similarly to these traditional matrimonies, the marriage of the protagonists, Nora and Torvald, emphasizes the implausibility of individuals to both meet the society’s expectations and achieve personal happiness. Hence, Ibsen exhibited this principle and inadvertently shocked society by exhibiting what most people believed to be â€Å" a kind of godless androgyny; women,† such as the rebellious Nora, â€Å"in refusing to be compliant, [a]re refusing to be women† (Templeton 13). Since men and women in the patriarchal society are conditioned to only accept women as daughters, wives, and mothers, both Nora and Torvald are submissive to society’s will; and so Torvald perpetuates this societal attitude without recognizing its injustice while Nora challenges it, thus reversing their traditional roles in society. Initially, the protagonist in A Doll’s House, Nora, is portrayed as an immature and pretentious woman. Meanwhile, her husband, Torvald, is characterized as an intelligent and generous man. However, as the plot unfolds, evidence suggests that their dispositions are actually in reverse, due to their preoccupation with fitting into the molds that society has created for them to fit into. In reality, not only are their personalities opposite, but their positions in the household are as well. Consequently, Nora plays the part of the childish wife and Torvald plays the part of the dominating husband, but ultimately, Nora is empowered whereas Torvald is desperate to regain control. Additionally, because society constantly reinforces the man’s supremacy and the woman’s subordinacy in a relationship, both Nora and Torvald uphold the pretense of having an ideal marriage; however, they are living an illusion. Initially, both Torvald and Nora seem to highly value appearances; however, obeying societal rules regarding appearance does not give either of them  powera reality that solely Nora is able to comprehend. Unaware that he is living in a household that is based on lies, Torvald treats his wife the way that society has taught him, because he seeks authority not only in his professional life, but in his personal life as well. He believes that women’s purposes only include housekeeping and amusement, so he wants his wife’s appearance, and thus his public front, to be immaculate. Accordingly, Torvald gives Nora money so that she can buy new clothes and presents for herself and their children, subsequently beautifying his family. Also, Torvald affectionately calls Nora his â€Å"skylark and â€Å"squirrel,† and is amused by her immaturity. He enjoys her inability to think for herself, so he doesn’t â€Å"wish [her] anything but just what [she] is, [his] sweet little lark† (Ibsen 46). In order for him to constantly feel powerful, Torvald does not want his child-wife to mature, but instead desires that Nora remains dependent on his guidance and wealth. Furthermore, by calling her by animal nicknames, he dehumanizes her and makes it easier for himself to not acknowledge her as an actual person who needs his emotional, rather than financial support. Even Nora realizes that â€Å"when [she is] no longer so attractive† Torvald will â€Å"love [h]e[r] less than now† and will â€Å"stop enjoying [her] dancing and dressing up and reciting for him† (Ibsen 55), illustrating that although Nora realizes that Torvald does not appreciate her intelligence, rather than speaking up ab out her objectification, she desires to ignore it for the time being. On the other hand, while Torvald is objectifying Nora in order to maintain his authority, he is being manipulated even more than she is. Because society has taught him that appearances are more important than emotional substance, â€Å"Torvald with his sensitivity has such sharp distaste for anything ugly† (Ibsen 81). However, he is unable to recognize impurities beneath the surface, such as his wife’s dishonesty. Contrarily, because Nora cares more about her family’s emotional wellbeing than Torvald does, she recognizes the lies that are present within her and Torvald’s marriage and chooses to block them out of her mind, while he is oblivious to them. In addition, Torvald understands that society views women as being incapable of dealing with important matters, so he chastises Nora for getting involved in financial and work related issues, since they put his authority at risk.  Although he enjoys invoking Nora’s excitement by giving her money to spend, he does not take responsibility for her frivolous spending habits. For instance, when Nora comes home with newly purchased items he asks her, â€Å"Has the little spendthrift been out throwing money around again?† (Ibsen 44) He then continues to patronize her by saying, â€Å" Nora, Nora, how like a woman!† (Ibsen 44), demonstrating his belief that women are incapable of dealing with serious matters and that they are men’s burdens. Moreover, Torvald berates Nora about the importance of money when he tells her â€Å"No debts! Never borrow! Something of freedom’s lostand something of beauty, toofrom a home that’s founded on borrowing and de bt† (Ibsen 44), displaying the importance he places on not owing anything to others and thus, not being subservient. Through his controlling behavior towards Nora, such as appeasing Nora with money after she begs him for it, Torvald demonstrates his disbelief that these qualities should not pertain to women. Also, not only does he want to preserve his family’s appearance, but he also desires to preserve his own at work. Similarly to his domestic status, his professional one is based on the amount of power that he holds, which is demonstrated by his ability to command others. For this reason, Torvald feels threatened when Krogstad acts more friendly than professionally towards him. Also, when Nora later beseeches him to not terminate Krogstad’s job, Torvald is afraid about â€Å"it[being] rumored around that [he] [i]s vetoed by his wife† and inadvertently â€Å"make[ing him]self ridiculous in front of the whole office† (Ibsen 78), since being easily influenced by a woman, a supposedly inferior being, would cause Torvald to lose the respect of his coworkers. Therefore, â€Å"the necessity of moneyits crucial connection to respect figures importantly in A Doll’s House† (Templeton 7), since wealth is the foundation of the social hierarchy, which consists of domineering men at the top and submissive women, who are not even able to make purchases or take out loans without their husbands’ consents, at the bottom. Even though Nora subtly rebels against her husband and the patriarchal society as a whole, she still attempts to conserve her appearance as a submissive wife. In order to maintain a shred of dignity as a child-wife, Nora disobeys Torvald’s and society’s rules by taking on men’s attitudes and duties. For example, she asks â€Å"Dr. Rank† if he wants â€Å"a little macaroon,† because he â€Å"c[an]not possibly know that Torvald had forbidden them, and [she] also ha[s] one,† in an attempt to reject Torvald’s control over her. Next, â€Å"there [i]s just one last thing in the world that [she] ha[s] such a consuming desire to say so Torvald could hear.† This desire of hers is to say, â€Å" to hell and be damned!† (Ibsen 59), since cursing is considered an unladylike act. Later, another one of Nora’s secrets is revealed during her conversation with her childhood friend, Mrs. Linde. Firstly, Nora wants them to only discuss her happiness with Torvald, which displays that Nora acts self-centered at times; much like men who were solely focused on their own problems, not women’s in the Victorian Era. Plus, â€Å"[Mrs. Linde] think[s that] Nora is incapable of anything serious[;]† however, Nora’s â€Å" secret[,]† which is her â€Å"joy and pride† (Ibsen 55), affirms otherwise. Not wanting to humiliate Torvald, but also not wanting her power to be limited by him if he were to find out and stop her actions, Nora secretly saved his life when he was sick once, by borrowing money from Krogstad in order for Torvald to attain medical help, resulting in Nora needing to earn money in order to pay her debt to Krogstad. â€Å"Her criminality is thus both a result and a defiance of her exclusion.Nora, who as a married woman cannot borrow without her husband’s consent, is forced to go outside the law. To acquire money on her own is to reject her lowly status† as well as a sexist law, â€Å" for it means operating in the world† (Durbach 140), an activity that society only allows a woman to do with her husband’s guidance. Unfortunately, though, Nora had no choice but to forge her father’s signature in the process. Not only had Nora committed this crime in order to protect Torvald from feeling indebted to her, and consequently, to allow him to maintain his masculine pride, but she enjoyed the process of it because â€Å"it was wonderful fun, sitting and working like that, earning money. It was almost like being a man† (Ibsen 55). Although one may argue that her decision to break the law is an act of selflessness, in reality, her desire to attain the qualities that men are supposed to possess demonstrates that Nora’s main motivation to help her husband was not love, since she realizes that she is being oppressed, but the prospect of attaining more power, even if it is kept secret for the time being. In addition, her responsible actions showcase that people including Torvald and Nora’s friend, Mrs.  Linde, underestimate Nora’s maturity, since although Nora exhibits the stereotypical female qualities of being immature, as demonstrated by her inability to empathize with Mrs. Linde, she is also hardworking; a presumed quality of men exclusively. Moreover, because in the traditional Victorian society the oppression that she faces is seen as acceptable for women, Nora attempts to deny her restrictions for as long as possible. By buying â€Å"new clothes for Iver a sword [and] a horse and a trumpet for Bob[,] and a doll and a doll’s bed here for Emmy† (Ibsen 45), Nora is passing down the knowledge of gender stereotypes to her children. Also, Nora’s definition of freedom is â€Å"to know you’re carefree; to be able to play with the children, and to keep up a beautiful, charming home,† illustrating that Nora attempts to ignore the injustice of her only purpose in society being to take care of domestic duties and making â€Å"everything just the way Torvald likes it† (Ibsen 56). Plus, this depicts that Nora does not even have the freedom to make her own decisions about how the house should be arranged. Also, Nora â€Å" transforms the tree fantastically until it begins to radiate an appal ling sense of false and misleading gaiety, becoming an emblem of the deceptive values generated in the doll’s house,† since she hides her intelligence and rebellions behind her girly vulnerability and pretty purchases (Durbach 54). Thus, her adornment of the tree showcases her â€Å"masquerade† and â€Å"duplicity,† since â€Å"the tinkering with the tree is clearly emblematic of Nora’s assumption of a disguise in a manic attempt to shore up a house on the verge of collapse† (Durbach 54). Plus, during her conversation with Mrs. Linde, Nora is shocked to discover that her old friend is happy without a husband, and accordingly learns that â€Å"some women indeed, do not love their husbands† (Durbach 102). As a result, Nora begins to understand that women are not obligated to constantly rely on men for support and that it is possible for women to achieve happiness for themselves, not solely for their husbands. â€Å"When [Nora] realize[s this],the truth needs cushioning from the awful implicationsthe instability of domestic values, the shattering of the roles that have given her status, purpose, and function in the doll’s house† (Durbach 102), because all of the former values that society has implemented into her mind  have suddenly become obliterated. â€Å"Her strategy, therefore, is to maintain appearances even if it means living a lie. But she will not go along with this subterfuge forever. Timing is all† (Durbach 102), suggesting that although Nora realizes that the society is deceiving her by instilling the belief that a woman’s only option in life is to adhere to her husband’s demands, Nora is betraying Torvald in the same way, since he does not question her honesty. Meanwhile, Nora also understands that her only means of attaining authority as a woman is by manipulating men with her sexuality; however, she comes to realize that her power hurts others as well as herself. In order to receive what she desires from men, such as Dr. Rank and Torvald, Nora seduces them and pretends to be a stereotypically helpless woman. Not only does Nora flirt with Dr. Rank in order to attain money to pay off her loan to Krogstad, but also to prove to herself and to society that she is able to have power over men. â€Å"She has learnt to coax her husband into giving her what she asks by playing all sorts of pretty tricks. Now she naturally takes the same line with her husband’s friend (Shaw 226). After Dr. Rank explains to Nora that he believes that a terrible occurrence is imminent and then continues to explain that he is sick and will die soon, Nora is visibly relieved because he is not referring to the likelihood of Krogstad revealing her crime to Torvald. Instead of being sympathetic towards Dr. Rank’s plight, Nora then flaunts her â€Å"flesh colored† stockings and asks Dr. Rank, â€Å"Aren’t they lovely?† (Ibsen 82) â€Å"She treat[s] Dr. Rank not as a dearly loved and respected friend, but as the cliche of her fantasiesa male doll,† whom she is able to control for her own benefit (Durbach 49). â€Å"Her illusion of the male doll is as humiliating as the doll role she has trained herself to play† (Durbach 49), and her manipulative behavior exhibits her inability to not do onto others what both society and Torvald have done onto her: treat her like a subordinate being. In addition, it is ironic that the only way for Nora to feel powerful within her marriage is to act childishly in front of Torvald and to use her feminine sexuality. For instance, while preparing to perform a dance, Nora attempts to distract Torvald with her helplessness, because she does not  want him to open a letter from Krogstad, which outlines her forgery. She then proclaims to Torvald, â€Å"I’ve forgotten the whole [dance] completely.Yes, take care of me, Torvald, please!† (Ibsen 91), demonstrating that Nora knowingly abuses her sexual power by promoting her vulnerabilitya quality of hers that she knows Torvald is infatuated by. Plus, she lets him dress her up in a â€Å" fancy dress from Capri† that he had bought for her. It â€Å"is all sex and sexuality, a device that transforms Nora into the kind of ethnic doll† (Durbach 45) that one can purchase and then use for his own enjoyment. â€Å"The costume represents her role as a living sexual fantasy in the bourgeois bedroom,† since she does not even dress herself, but instead dresses up in order to be a suitable plaything for Torvald (Durbach 45). Her marriage, thus far, has shown her that in order to get others to listen to her and do things for her, she needs to use her sexuality and female characteristic of fragility, so â€Å"Nora acts the sexual doll, even to the extent of allowing Torvald to choose the costume and the [tarantella] dance (Durbach 45), thus causing him to think that he has full control of her, while in actually, she is the schemer who has the greater control in their relationship. Because of her subservience to males, Nora faces consequences at the hands of both Dr. Rank and Torvald that eventually lead to her awakening to her lack of free will. Although Nora has succeeded in manipulating Dr. Rank, she realizes that what she has done is wrong and then decides against asking him for a favor. Dr. Rank tells Nora that â€Å"[Torvald i]s [not] the only one who [woul]d give up his life for [her]† (Ibsen 84),† suggesting that he loves Nora. Because she â€Å" now ha[s] the knowledge that [his] body and soul are at [her] command† (Ibsen 84), as a result of her seduction of Dr. Rank, Nora feels guilty for giving him false hope of her reciprocating his feelings, especially because Nora is married and still feels loyal towards Torvald. Also, Nora finally abandons her plan of manipulation because she does not wish to hurt a man who, as a result of his affection for her, seems weaker than most men, such as Torvald. â€Å"Nora now becomes â€Å"aware of her own tendency to reduce living substance to the empty forms of perverse fantasy† (Durbach 49). Furthermore, the tarantella dance, which represents Nora and Torvald’s power struggle, between not only each other, but also each of them individually and society, causes Nora to visibly rebel against Torvald, rendering him desperate to gain back his control. Nora’s rampant dancing is a discernible rebellion against Torvald, thus rendering him desperate to gain back his control over her. As her dancing becomes increasingly crazed, Torvald yells to her, â€Å"Slow down.Not so violent, Nora! No, no, that won’t do it at all† (Ibsen 91-92). Her refusal to abide by his commands â€Å"reveal[s] the hoydenish mistress beneath the angel in the house† (Durbach 45), since for the first time, Nora is disobeying Torvald while he is aware of her defiance. Overall, the tarantella represents â€Å"the dance of the victim of the tarantella spider, and the delirious attempt of the body to rid itself of the poison. (Durbach 52). In this case, Nora and Torvald are both the victims and society is the metaphorical spider that spreads its venom through their marriage, causing them to fight for their freedoma concept that Nora grasps better than Torvald does. As a result, Nora fights with Torvald for the presumedly powerful role of the man in their relationship. Later, Torvald takes on Nora’s previous role of seduction, because he believes that he has the right to â€Å"look at [his] dearest possession† in an objectifying way, because â€Å"all [of her] loveliness [i]s [his] alone (Ibsen 100). Torvald sees that the freeness of the tarantella â€Å"is still in [Nora’s] blood and it makes [her] even more enticing. (Ibsen 100). Plus, he finds Nora’s trembling attractive because as a man, it gives him an opportunity to protect her from harm, and it also demonstrates her vulnerability, which society has taught men to be infatuated with† (Ibsen 100). However, when Nora tells Torvald that she does not want to see him at this moment, he is shocked. Torvald does not understand what â€Å"[Nora] mean[s,] and thinks that Nora [is] teasing [hi]m† (Ibsen 101) because as her husband he thinks that he is entitled to have control over her body. This â€Å"sexual attitude [is] conditioned by a determination to see Nora as a dancing, singing, and reciting doll, created for his leisure moments, the maintenance of his household economy, and the convenience of his bed† (Durbach 53). Nora’s encounters with Mrs. Linde, Krogstad, Dr. Rank, and finally withToravald all lead to her disillusionment, and incidentally, Torvald’s as well. Her encounter with Krogstad, a lawyer and Torvald’s coleague, because he is a window into Nora’s future, in which she is ostracized because of the crime that she has committed; Mrs. Linde because she helped Nora realize her potential to break female stereotypes, and Dr. Rank because he is an honest man whom Nora regretted hurting. In particular, the tarantella dance is the turning point in Nora and Torvald’s relationship. Once Torvald commands her to dance in a more proper manner, Nora more fully comprehends that her freedom of expression as well as her right to have control over her own body is being oppressed. For this reason, she decides to allow Torvald to read the letter from Krogstad about her crime, as she is no longer controlled by her fear of how society will view her. Although Nora realizes t hat the illusion of her utopian family will shatter after Torvald finds out about her secret, she does not expect him to react as angrily as he does. While Nora understands her oppression more clearly after revealing her forgery to her husband and later decides to abandon her family, Torvald has also been rendered powerless and is unable to comprehend his wife’s decision to leave their household. While Nora had earlier decided to act selflessly in order to save her husband’s reputation, Torvald responds to the revelation of her forgery by attempting to preserve his authority and reputation for societal reasons. Even though Nora is cunning at times, society has constantly reinforced the quality of selflessness to females, so she believes that because she is willing to sacrifice herself for her husband, Torvald should be willing to do the same. Since as a wife, Nora realizes that it is her duty to unconditionally love her husband, â€Å"if anything awful [were to] happen, then it just wouldn’t matter if [she] ha[s] debt or not† (Ibsen 44), because the wellbeing of her husband is more important to her than riches and societal status. Initially, Nora fools herself into believing that â€Å"Torvald loves [her] beyond words (Ibsen 75). She does not acknowledge the warning signs of his over-protectiveness, such as the fact that he is extremely jealous at times and â€Å" [woul]d like to keep [Nora] all to himself (Ibsen 75). Moreover, similarly to her relationship with her father, Nora’s marriage is characterized by a need to meet society’s standard of happiness, not her internal one. For instance,  Nora believes that â€Å" [she] loved Papa most (Ibsen 85). However, she does not believe that love leads to happiness, since â€Å" [she] always thought it was so much fun when [she] could sneak down to the maids’ quarters, because they never tried to improve me. [And w]ith Torvald it’s just the same as with Papa† (Ibsen 85), demonstrating that Nora and Torvald’s marriage is based on attaining necessities, like a beautiful family appearance, from one another, not true love o r friendship. However, Nora still expects that because she has saved Torvald’s life he would do the same for her; a belief that had earlier made her willing to sacrifice herself for his reputation. When Krogstad threatened to expose her criminality, â€Å" such a certainty filled [her]:[she] was utterly sure [that Torvald would] say to [Krogstad]: [‘]go on, tell your tale to the whole wide world.[’] And when he’d done that.[Torvald woul]d step forward and say: I am the guilty one† (Ibsen 112). Nora had solely desired that Torvald would offer to sacrifice his reputation for hers, since she even â€Å"ha[d] the courage† (Ibsen 87) to commit suicide in order to free Torvald from the responsibility that she presumed he would take for her forgery. Nora believed that she â€Å"must die† because â€Å"her death w[ould have] be[en] conclusive proof of her blame, conclusive evidence in the face of Torvald’s ‘miraculous’ assumption of resp onsibility of her moral delinquency.† (Shaw 226), illustrating that she would do anything that is necessary in order to ensure that her husband’s reputation is conserved. In reality, after finding out about Nora’s crime, Torvald wants to protect the family’s appearance as well as protect his children from the criminal, whom he perceives his wife to be. Although Torvald wants Nora to be his helpless wife, when her life is truly in danger, he is unwilling to give up his pride to protect her. For example, before finding out about Nora’s crime he tells her that â€Å"time and again [he has] wished [that she was] in some terrible danger, just so [he] could stake [his] life and soul, for [he]r sake† (Ibsen 104). However, once that terrible danger occurs, he is unwilling to protect his wife if a consequence of aiding her is losing his reputation as a powerful man. Thus, he wants â€Å" everything between [them to be] just as it wasto the outside world, that is† (Ibsen 106). He wants  Nora to â€Å"go right on living in th[ei] house, (Ibsen 106) since he does not wish to approbate his personal misfortunes to become public knowledge, since society’s perception of himself and his family is more important than the family members’ relations with each other. â€Å"From now on[,] happiness does n[o]t matter [to him]; all that matters is saving the bits and pieces, the appearance† (Ibsen 106), because society has instilled the necessity of materialistic items, not feelings of love in most men. In addition to wanting to keep up appearances, Torvald wants to protect his children from the criminal whom he believes Nora to be, since he has been taught by society that parents’ flaws are passed down to their children. For this reason, he believes that Nora â€Å" can[no]t be allowed to bring up the children; [he] do[es no]t dare trust [her] with them† (Ibsen 106). Like many people during the Victorian period, he believes that moral attributes as well as disabilities or illnesses are hereditary. For instance, Torvald believes that the reason that â€Å" Dr. Rank suffer[s] from tuberculosis† is that â€Å"his father was a disgusting thing who kept mistresses† (Ibsen 74). Hence, because Torvald thinks lowly of Nora’s father, he believes that Nora broke the law because â€Å" [he]r father’s flimsy values have come out in [her]† (Ibsen 105). Also, since he thinks that â€Å"It [i]s usually the mother’s influence that [i]s domin ant† (Ibsen 70) in the household, he does not want Nora’s criminality to influence their children’s morality and health in the future. However, once he learns that his family’s reputation is no longer in danger, Torvald wants Nora to continue to be his doll-wife, but she decides to leave him; thus abruptly shattering his illusion of having a perfect marriage. Because Torvald has never truly understood Nora, he is initially unable to comprehend Nora’s decision to leave their seemingly happy doll-house, which is why Nora has decided to leave him in the first place. Similarly to how Nora earlier attempted to deny her oppression, Torvald wants to pretend that his marriage is not in ruins. Firstly, Torvald proclaims that â€Å"this ugliness all has to go[, and he] want[s] the whole thing to fade like a dream† (Ibsen 107), showcasing that he does not understand the negative consequences, such as a furthering of Nora’s disillusionment, that his  inability to protect her in her time of need has had on their marriage. Next, he tells Nora, â€Å"You don’t seem to realizeit’s over† (Ibsen 107), yet while he believes that a tremendous hardship has terminated, in Nora’s point of view, an end to their marriage is imminent. When Nora gives him a â€Å"frozen look,† Torvald thinks that â€Å"[she] can[no]t believe [that he has] forgiven [her]† and that she should â€Å"just lean on [hi]m† (Ibsen 107); however, Nora has learned to not expect him to aid her when she is in trouble. Contrarily, Torvald believes that forgiving Nora for a crime that she committed primarily for his benefit is a noble act. Additionally, her seemingly â€Å" feminine helplessness make[s her] twice as attractive to [hi]m† because he can now â€Å"keep [her] like a hunted dove [that he has] rescued out of a hawk’s claws† (Ibsen 108), thus again comparing Nora’s vulnerability to that of an animal. Also, â€Å"it [i]s as if she belongs to him in two ways no w: in a sense he’s given her fresh into the world again, and she [ha]s become his wife and his child as well† (Ibsen 108), thus allowing Torvald to hold even more power in their relationship. On the other hand, Nora is finally willing to admit that Torvald has never truly loved her, so she is able to leave the doll house. Because Torvald wants their marriage to continue as it has previously, except with her in an increasingly subservient role, Nora realizes that â€Å"[Torvald] do[es no]t understand [her] and [she] never understood [him] eitheruntil tonight. (Ibsen 109), demonstrating that they have never taken the time to talk about anything â€Å"serious† and that both of their lives have been governed by decisions that they made in order to fit the set characteristics of their genders. Overall, â€Å"[Nora has] been wronged greatly,first by [her father], and then by [Torvald, who] thought it fun to be in love with [her] (Ibsen 109), yet did not care enough about her to take care of her, since she mainly cared for them. Essentially, â€Å"[Nora] sees that [her and Torvald’s] whole family life [is] a fictiontheir home a mere doll’s house in which they have been playing at ideal husband and father, wife and mother† (Shaw 225), and not discovering who they truly are as individuals. Plus, although some may think that â€Å" the woman with her children, her presents, her nicknames, her extravagance, her pleasure in the thought of ‘heaps of money’can be a suitable candidate for liberation†Ã‚  (Hardwick 240), since Nora possesses all of the luxuries that many women desire. However, although Nora has been able to achieve many of the qualities that women are expected to have, she is yet to discover the characteristics that she wants to acquire for her own wellbeing. Further, in addition to never truly knowing Torvald, Nora has yet to understand who she is as well, thus leaving her children and embarking on a journey to mature and become an independent woman, but not without hurting Torvald in the process. In a society in which happiness relies on outward appearances, Torvald is unable to comprehend why Nora is willing to sacrifice her seemingly perfect family life. Primarily, he thinks that â€Å"there [i]s no one who gives up honor for love† (Ibsen 113), so he is confused as to how Nora could have expected him to take the blame for her crime. However, Nora’s self sacrifices assert that â€Å"millions of women have done just that† (Ibsen 113). Also, Torvald thinks that by desiring to leave his household, Nora is acting â€Å" unfair and ungrateful† (Ibsen 109-110). Because â€Å" [their] home [ha]s been nothing but a playpen† (Ibsen 109-110), Torvald expects Nora to be contented. Most importantly, he does not understand how Nora’s Conscience permits her to â€Å" run out on [he]r most sacred duties[,]† which are â€Å"to [he]r husband and children[,]† since â€Å"before all else, [she is] a wife and a mother† (Ibsen 111). While Torvald severely oppresses Nora, he is unaware of alternative actions to take. Thus, unlike Nora’s gradual awakening to the problems of the society, Torvald is given no time to process them, nor his wife’s unhappiness, which renders him a powerless doll as well. Next, in order not to pass on the belief of female stereotypes to her children and to educate herself, Nora fearlessly leaves the doll house, thus taking on the male role of protecting her family, while Torvald desperately wants her to stay. â€Å"She begins to perceive that the happy way in which she plays with the children and the care she takes to dress them nicely, are not sufficient to constitute her a fit person to train them† (Shaw 226), so Nora figures that abandoning her household is advantageous for both her own wellbeing, as well as her children’s. Most importantly, Noraâ€Å" ha[s] other duties equally as sacred† as being a wife and a mother: â€Å"duties to  [her]self.Before all else, [she i]s a human being, no less than [Torvald]† (Ibsen 111). As a human being, â€Å"[she] ha[s] to try to understand† (Ibsen 111) more about society and decide for herself which conditioned morals she wants to implement into her future journey. Thus, â€Å"Nora famously slams the door as she leaves the home. [This] action caused shock waves throughout the world, for it challenged firmly held ideas, such as the sanctity of marriage and the absolute authority of the man in the home† (Saether). Torvald attempts to convince Nora to stay, even proposing that they engage in a brother-and-sister-like relationship, revealing his desperation and ultimately, his lack of complete control over Nora’s decisions, which has been constantly prevalent within their marriage. In the end, Nora and Torvald’s illusions of each other collapse, along with their metaphorical dollhouse. Therefore, their positions in society are in reverse: Nora is free to discover who she is while Torvald is abandoned and assumes the responsibility of raising his and Nora’s children. In addition, Nora has a better knowledge about the causes of their separation, while Torvald still needs time to completely understand why Nora has left his household. Moreover, Nora believes that a â€Å"miracle† needs to occur for them to ever reunite. Mainly, Nora means that Torvald would need to be less objectifying and more understanding towards her. However, Nora does not recognize that the larger and far more unlikely miracle that would have to occur would be society loosening its control over the positions of both genders.

Essay on the Moon in the Works of William Shakespeare :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Motif of the Moon in the Works of Shakespeare  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the paper, "The Hounds of Love: A Midsummer Nights' Dream, it is suggested that Shakespeare borrowed heavily from Chaucer's "Knight's Tale" to the extent that Shakespeare dramatized the image drawn in Chaucer of Diana, the moon goddess, with the hounds of love about her feet--Lysander and Demetrius behaving like the hounds of love in A Midsummer Night's Dream. While Shakespeare "creates unity of atmosphere [in Midsummer Night's Dream] chiefly by flooding the play with moonlight" (Schanzer 29), he also--by frequency of allusions to similar cyclical motifs (Moon, Diana, Wheel of Fortune)--creates an overall atmosphere, or structure, to many of his other plays. Northrup Frye's thesis--that the comedies have a cyclical pattern of the characters who depart from the city to the forest then return to the city recovered from the madness that occurred in the forest (see class handout)--can be applied to many of the other plays. But one must look beyond the locality of the characters (as Fr ye does) to note the frequent allusions to Diana, the Roman personification of the moon, and the similar allusion to the Wheel of Fortune. What does the Wheel of Fortune have to do with Diana? Shakespeare considered both of them to be much the same. Both have a cyclical nature: the moon waxes and wanes just like Fortune waxes and wanes. The motif of both figures in Shakespeare's plays reveals his belief that the moon is a symbol of the fickleness and changeability of fortune and luck, at once an omen and a blessing, and the result of the changeability of the moon/Wheel is the character's madness, leading to the audience's laughter (as in A Midsummer Night's Dream and Much Ado About Nothing) or catharsis (as in King Lear, Macbeth, or Hamlet). Diana figures mostly in the comedies, the most blatant example in A Midsummer Night's Dream. Shakespeare begins with Theseus vocalizing his desire that the moon should change, a symbol for his impatience for the wedding:   Four happy days bring in Another moon; but O, methinks, how slow This old moon wanes! (1.1.2-4) The old moon is own aging self that shall be renewed by his marriage just as the moon passes through its cycle to eventually become a new full moon. It is under the auspices of the changing moon that overlooks the forest that the madness of all of the characters ensue.

Mass-elite theorists and subcultures

Academic writing is usually best when it takes a dispassionate attitude to its subject; when it reviews the several contesting scholarly opinions around a question, before judging the value of each of them. But sometimes a writer is given a question that allows him to write destructive criticism, and to champion the merits of one argument only. This present question is such a question. If one takes a supercilious attitude towards it then he might expel it at once by arguing that neither Matthew Arnold nor F. R. Leavis – men who sought the promotion of culture through the study of high literature and the reform of education – would have descended at all to study the subcultures of Goths and Trekkers. These groups have produced no serious literature and they have done little to reform education. And so one can easily cement such a fierce attitude into a strong essay – though one that would sadly be very short and unmarkable! If instant dismissal is not appropriate, then a writer who has studied Arnold’s and Leavis’s definitions of culture can argue ceaselessly that neither man would have thought Goths and Trekkers a positive development for culture. A short statement about definition. There are of course manifold definitions of culture. Many recent writers define culture in terms of mass-culture, within which all groups and subcultures belong. If culture is defined like this then Goths and Trekkers are both part of culture and can be said to expand culture by pushing it wider and making it more diverse. Arguments like this are possible; but they are not possible for our present question. In this essay one has to measure these groups against the definitions of Leavis and Arnold only; and leave aside the merits of any modern definitions. Let us then examine the definition of Leavis and Arnold. Matthew Arnold famously defined culture as to ‘†¦ know the best that has been said and thought in the world’. Someone who is cultured has learnt to perceive beauty, perfection, truth and justice through literature and art. In Culture and Anarchy and Essays in Criticism Arnold argues that culture is centered upon education: thus the expansion of culture is possible only if it is accompanied by an equal expansion of education. So: somebody who is highly cultured is also highly educated. F.R.  Leavis had a very similar definition of culture. Leavis argued even more explicitly than Arnold that there is an unbreakable bond between knowledge of the humanities and the acquisition of culture. As G. Steiner says ‘The commanding axiom in Leavis’s life-work is the conviction that there is a close relation between a man’s capacity to respond to art and his general fitness for humane existence.’ Despite the esoteric sound of these words they do say something vital about culture. The key word is humane. Someone who has studied great works of literature tends to have better judgment and is kinder to his fellow man than people who have not. Leavis says ‘†¦ thinking about cultural and social matters ought to be done by minds of some real literary education, and done in an intellectual climate formed by a vital literacy culture’. In short: a healthy culture and society depends upon a large number of its citizens studying and thinking about the classics. Leavis famously defined these arguments in his controversial Richmond Lecture – should we say polemic? – against C. P. Snow. The lecture is Leavis’s proposal for the future of culture in England. Leavis wanted a small, economically weaker England that would be highly literate and cultured — instead of a huge commercialized and capitalistic society that would be less literate. Thus we see in Leavis, as in Arnold, a definition of culture as a society that knows intimately great works of art. According to this definition, any group that progresses culture must go beyond the culture that has gone before. Do Goths and Trekkers then add to what we can learn from Homer, Shakespeare and the Bible? (This is a fair question if measured by the definition above). The answer must be no. The Goth and Trekker subcultures have not produced one serious piece of literature or music; even if one stretches Star Trek into some definition of art, the movies and show are not the invention of Trekkers, but the object of their devotion. Goths claim to have a passion for literature; but this passion has not created any literature of their own. Likewise – even though it is not one of their aims – neither of these groups has done anything to reform education or our universities. We cannot study Goth culture from its literature, because there is not any. But we can examine some of the statements of Goth members to see whether there is any sign of culture as defined by Leavis and Arnold. The following article called ‘A Short Treatise on Goth subculture’ is taken from the internet. The author, Chameleon, says that Goths are defined by ‘a morbid sense of humor’, ‘appreciation of the darker side of life’, ‘tolerance of lifestyles considered weird by the masses’ and an ‘apolitical attitude towards society’. Rus Haslage, the President of the International Federation of Trekkers, says that the philosophy of trekkers is that ‘†¦everyone is different, and it is those differences that make us special. And, it is those differences that make meshing our sparks even more beneficial to us all.’ In both these statements the common feature is vagueness of meaning and purpose. Goths and Trekkers feel some solidarity with each other in their interest in the ways of the Goth or Star Trek; but there is no clear or precise thought about the identity and purpose of these groups. To be fair to each group neither claims to add to the wisdom that the great works of literature and art that the West has accumulated; but, if we judge this admission of non-achievement strictly according to the definition of Leavis and Arnold, then the existence of such groups has either no effect or a regressive effect upon culture. Bibliography Books: P. Hodkins,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Goth: Identity, Style and Subculture M. Arnold,     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culture and Anarchy M.Arnold,  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Essays in Criticism H. Jenkins III, Star Trek Rerun, Reread, Rewritten: Fan Writing as Textual Poaching F.R. Leavis,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Mass Civilization and Minority Culture, (1930) F.R. Leavis,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Nor Shall My Sword: Discourses on Pluralism, Compassion and Social Hope (1972) G. Steiner,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Language and Silence, Faber and Faber, 1967 Websites: www.iftcommand.com www.religioustolerance.org